Uses/Indications: Tramadol is a synthetic codeine analogue and a weak μ opioid receptor agonist. Tramadol also inhibits neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and may facilitate serotonin release. Therefore, it is recommended for acute and chronic pain and may be used alone to treat mild pain or adjunctively in a multimodal plan to treat moderate [...]
Uses/Indications: Amantadine may have efficacy and clinical usefulness against some veterinary viral diseases, but presently the greatest interest for its use in small animals is as an NMDA antagonist in the adjunctive treatment of chronic pain, particularly those tolerant to opioids. Amantadine antagonizes the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and chronic pain can be maintained or exacerbated [...]
Uses/Indications: Tramadol is a synthetic codeine analogue and a weak μ opioid receptor agonist. Tramadol also inhibits neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and may facilitate serotonin release. Therefore, it is recommended for acute and chronic pain and may be used alone to treat mild pain or adjunctively in a multimodal plan to treat moderate [...]
Uses/Indications: Piroxicam's primary use is in dogs as adjunctive therapy for bladder transitional cell carcinoma. It may also be of benefit in squamous cell carcinoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, and transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). It also offers additional benefit as an NSAID reducing pain and inflammation. Anti-angiogenic therapy which is designed to cut off blood supply to [...]
As a veterinary provider do you commonly see otitis externa in your canine patients? Does it become a continuous problem for many of your clients and their pets? If you face these questions in your practice, then we can definitely help you. Otitis can be caused by many factors such as parasites, allergies, bacteria, fungi, [...]
Uses/Indications: Tramadol is a synthetic codeine analogue and a weak μ opioid receptor agonist. Tramadol also inhibits neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and may facilitate serotonin release. Therefore, it is recommended for acute and chronic pain and may be used alone to treat mild pain or adjunctively in a multimodal plan to treat moderate [...]
Uses/Indications: Piroxicam’s primary use is in dogs as adjunctive therapy for bladder transitional cell carcinoma. It may also be of benefit in squamous cell carcinoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, and transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). It also offers additional benefit as an NSAID reducing pain and inflammation. Anti-angiogenic therapy which is designed to cut off blood supply to [...]
Uses/Indications: Treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), anorexia, associated with renal failure (azotemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal disorders, liver disease, or neoplasia. Studies/Case Reports: For years, veterinarians have used B-vitamins and steroids for appetite stimulation in canines and benzodiazepines in felines. Pharmacy faculty at The Mississippi State College of Veterinary Medicine used mirtazapine [...]
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, is often used in canines to help with urinary incontinence (urine leakage) by tightening the bladder sphincter muscle, most commonly occurring in middle-aged spayed female dogs. A study performed by Claeys, S. et al. performed a retrospective study to determine the efficacy of a single dose of PPA in [...]
Amitriptyline is one of the most widely used tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in companion animal behavioral medicine, exerting antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidepressant effects. It increases synaptic activity of serotonin and norepinephrine, has significant central and peripheral anticholinergic activity, and stimulates β-adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle (e.g. the bladder), causing a decrease in smooth muscle excitability [...]
